Viral Diseases

There are many diseases which are caused by virus.Some common diseases in Pakistan are mentioned bellow;

Small pox:

• Caused by DNA enveloped virus pox virus.
• Ancient and common disease throughout the world.
• Raised fluid-filled vesicles are formed on the body which becomes pustules later on and form pitted scars, known as pocks.

Herpes simplex:

• Caused by DNA viruses (Herpes virus).
• Naturally occurring disease of mankind.
• Vascular lesions in the epithelial layers of ectodermal tissues are formed.
• Occurs in mouth, on the lips and other skin sites.

Influenza:

• Caused by RNA viruses (influenza viruses).
• Wide spread disease in man.
• Occure in epidemic form.

Mumps and Measles:

• Large, enveloped, RNA viruse.
• Belong to the group paramyxoviruses.
• Mumps is Highly contagious, and wide spread.
• 60% of adults are immune to it.
• Measles is commonest disease in childhood.
• Develops immunity in its victim.

Polio:

• Poliomylitis, caused by Polio virus.
• Small viruse contain RNA in spherical capsid.
• Occurs mostly in childhood.

Muscles in our body

The number of muscles in our body varies from around 640 to 850.We have 3 types of muscles in our body;

• Skeletal ( Voluntry muscles)
• Visceral (Involuntry muscles)
• Cardiac ( Involuntry)

Annual plants

A plant whose life cycle, that is, germination from seed, growth, reproduction, and death is complete within a single growing season.

• The true annual plants includes, Corn, wheat, rice, lettuce, peas, watermelon, beans, zinnia and marigold etc.

Alternation of generation

The pattern of reproduction occuring in life cycles of many lower plants and some invertebrates, involving a regular alternation between two distinct forms.The generations are alternately sexual and asexual (as in some ferns) or dioecious or parthenogenetic (as in some jellyfishes). 
The alternation of two generations (phases) in life cycle of plants namely, gametophyte (haploid) and sporophyte (diploid) phases.

Allosteric enzyme

Allosteric enzymes are enzymes that change their conformational ensemble upon binding of an effector, which results in an apparent change in binding affinity at a different ligand binding site.
An enzyme that undergoes reversible changes in shape and in catalytic activity when "control" substances bind.

What is ATP

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) considered as the primary energy storage molecule in cell.Large amounts of energy are stored in bonds of three phosphate groups that make up an ATP molecule's tail.In other words ATP is the energy currency of the cell.

Active transport

Active transport is the movement of molecules across the cell membrane from their lower concentration to higher concentration.The energy dependent movement of materials into or out of cells, especially against a concentration gradient.Active transport differs from diffusion in that it requires expendature of energy.

Absorption spectrum

The region of the spectrum of electromagnetic energy (usually visible light) that is absorbed by a particular molecule or atom.

How would the crying baby stops to cry?

When a child cry just stand up him and show him that you are taking a picture Of him.It is seen that the Excitement of that crying children about camera will make him Nerveless.And another important thing that you will do in this method is that, continue to laugh infront of him.It will paste a halcyon impression on your baby.

Characteristics of Enzymes

Enzymes are the biochemical catalysts.They have the following important characteristics;

1: All enzymes are globular proteins.   2: They increase the rate of reaction without themselves being used up. 3:Their presence does not affect the nature or properties of end products. 4: Small amount of an enzyme can accelerate chemical reactions.             5: They are very specific in their action; a single enzyme catalyzes only a single chemical reaction or a group of related reactions.                              6: They are sensitive to even a minor change in pH, temperature and substrate concentration.            7: Some enzymes require a co-factor for their proper functioning.      8: They lower the activation energy of the reactions.

Importance of carbon

Carbon is the basic element of organic compounds.Due to its unique properties, carbon occupies the central position in the skeleton of life.Some of its properties are as follow;                                                         1 :Carbon is tetravalent.                         2 :It can react with many other known elements forming covalent bonds.                                                         3 : When a carbon atom combines with four atoms or radicals, the four bonds are arranged symmetrically in a tetrahedron, and result to give a stable configuration.                               4 :Carbon atom can also combine mutually forming stable, branched or unbranched chains or rings.                 5 : The vast variety of organic compounds C-C bonds form a skeleton of organic molecules.

As show  in above fig carbon can make bonds with other carbon or other atoms to form chain, ringed, and branched chain structures.

Respiration in cockroach

Cockroach has specialized organs for repiration.The respiratory system of the cockroach is very specialized.It consists of branching systems of air tubules called tracheae lined by chitin.The main tracheal trunk communicates with exterior by 10 pairs of apertures called spiracles, present on the lateral sides of the body.Two pairs are in thorax while the rest eight are in each of the eight abdominal segments.The main tracheae divide and subdivide forming very fine thin-walled tubules called tracheoles.These tracheoles end into blind ducts partly filled with fluid, in which the oxygen dissolves.These surround the organs and the tissues and directly supply oxygen to the living cells.A concentration gradient is set up between them and the spiracular openings and oxygen diffuses into the trachea from the outside air.The movement of the air through the tracheal trunks transfers gases through inspiration and expiration.Air is pumped in and out of the tracheae by the expension and contraction of the abdominal muscles (Dorsoventral muscles).When abdomen expands, the first four pairs of spiracles open, air rushes in through these spiracles into tracheoles.Abdomen contracts, the anterior four pairs of spiracles close and posterior six pairs of spiracles open.This forces air through the tubes and eventually out of the body.In this way exhalation and inhilation take place.Air is directly supplied through tracheoles to the tissue cells.Blood is not involved in transport of gases.

Aims of Classification

The main aims of Classification are as follow:

• To determine similarities and difference among organisms so that they can be studied easily.

• To find the evolutionary relationships among organisms.

Biodiversity

The term "biodiversity" has been derived from  'bio' and 'diversity'."Diversity" means variety within a species and among apecies.Biodiversity is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems.

Parasites

Parasites are the organisms that take food and shelter from living hosts and,in return,harm them.

Defination of Biology

Biology is the scientific study of life.The word "biology" has been derived from two Greek words; 'bios' meaning 'life' and 'logos' meaning 'thought or reasoning'.

With the name of ALLAH i am writing my first post here.